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In his testimony, Lesser outlined the causes of improved European-Israeli relations, citing economic interdependence and increased market access between countries, European Union enlargement, a growing focus on expanding cooperation in the policies of key European actors, and changing security concerns that have increased the necessity of cooperation. He also touched on the idea of Israel joining NATO, which he views as a "remote" possibility but one that reflects the trans-regional approach that has been taken to address today's security challenges. Concluding that improved relations between Europe and Israel "are clearly supportive of American foreign policy interests," Lesser recommended steps to be taken by the U.S. to assert support for enhanced EU-Israel relations, including adopting a pro-active policy position and making it an item on the agenda for bilateral discussions with key leaders in Europe.