German Marshall Fund of the United States » Europe

Instability in Europe Calls for EU Reform

Sarah Halls — Fri, 10 May 2013 14:08:25 +0000

In this video from the Mediterranean Strategy Group in Lisbon, Luis Amado, chairman of Banco Internacional do Funchal, discusses the external pressures being put on the EU to reform.

A Growing Institution and a Growing Disconnect

Sarah Halls — Mon, 06 May 2013 13:52:40 +0000

In this video from the Mediterranean Strategy Group in Lisbon, Elena Panaritis, founder and director of Panel Group and Thought Action, explains the growing disconnect between Europeans and their governments.

The Difficult Case for British Membership in the EU

Christine Chumbler — Wed, 01 May 2013 20:49:29 +0000

This policy brief discusses a possible British withdrawal from the European Union.

Spain’s Path Toward Recovery

Sarah Halls — Thu, 25 Apr 2013 14:37:06 +0000

In this video from the Mediterranean Strategy Group in Lisbon, Tomás Duplá del Moral, former director for the Americas at the European External Action Service, explains which sectors of Spain’s economy will fuel growth and stimulate employment.

The International Forum on Border Security

Sarah Halls — Wed, 24 Apr 2013 00:07:50 +0000

On April 22-23, GMF’s Warsaw Office in cooperation with GMF’s Berlin Office held a third workshop on “The International Forum on Border Security”, in Berlin, Germany.

Political and Social Challenges in Southern Europe

Sarah Halls — Mon, 22 Apr 2013 13:50:44 +0000

In this video from the Mediterranean Strategy Group Lisbon, Andres Ortega, consultant and former head of policy planning at the Prime Minister's office in Spain, explains the different ways the eurocrisis is affecting southern Europe.

The Future of Mediterranean Europe: Between the Euro Crisis and Arab Revolution

Christine Chumbler — Tue, 16 Apr 2013 17:00:03 +0000

This policy paper looks at a Southern Europe that is increasingly disillusioned with and more openly critical of both their national governments and the EU.

The Future of Euroatlantic Integration

GMF Editor — Thu, 28 Mar 2013 15:10:00 +0000

With the fall of the Berlin Wall and the end of the bipolar world, the nature of the Euroatlantic relationship has changed dramatically. If for over 40 years its main purpose had been relatively straightforward, namely to protect Europe from a well-defined adversary (the Soviet Union), today Europe and the United States are faced with a rapidly changing world necessitating new ways in which they will cooperate.

Michalis Attalides Discusses the Outcomes of the Cypriot Elections

Sarah Halls — Fri, 08 Mar 2013 18:39:48 +0000

Michalis Attalides, Rector, University of Nicosia, Cyprus, discusses what to expect from the recently elected President of Cyprus and his new government. Attalides outlines what could be the top priorities for President Nicos Anastasiades. He also comments on Cyprus' bailout agreements, money laundering, and Cyprus' involvement in NATO's Partnership for Peace.

Justice or Injustice in Georgia? The First 100 Days after the Power Transfer

Christine Chumbler — Wed, 06 Mar 2013 21:19:53 +0000

This policy brief assesses the efforts of the new Georgian government to reform the law and justice system in that country.

The East-West Black Sea/Caspian Sea Corridor in the Age of Uncertainty

Christine Chumbler — Wed, 06 Mar 2013 18:42:01 +0000

This policy brief advocates for the development of a trade corridor between the Caspian Sea and Europe.

The New Silk Road – The Role of a U.S. Strategic Partner: Romania

GMF Editor — Mon, 04 Mar 2013 17:19:20 +0000

GMF hosted a roundtable discussion with Ambassador Cornel Feruta, Political Director at the Romanian Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

Avoiding a Shrinking EU in an Expanding Planet: A Turkish Contribution to the Debate on Europe’s Future

Christine Chumbler — Thu, 28 Feb 2013 18:59:10 +0000

This policy brief offers suggestions for how Europe can regain it's pre-Great Recession status as a world leader.

Freedom in the World 2013 Report: A Closer Look at Wider Europe

Sarah Halls — Thu, 21 Feb 2013 09:56:54 +0000

GMF in Brussels and the Freedom House hosted the presentation of the Freedom in the World 2013 Report: A Closer Look at Wider Europe

Europe: The Pacific, Atlantic, and Arctic Offer Three New Frontiers

Sarah Halls — Tue, 12 Feb 2013 14:54:04 +0000

By evolving clearer approaches to these new frontiers, Europe would send a reassuring signal to the rest of the world that it remains a global player.

Neighbourhood Policy Paper Series Tackles Issues Affecting Black Sea Region

GMF Editor — Mon, 11 Feb 2013 14:28:53 +0000

Paper series delves into a range of challenges that the Eastern neighborhood is facing.

Turkish History Revisited: Uniting or Polarizing?

Christine Chumbler — Wed, 30 Jan 2013 20:51:19 +0000

This policy brief looks at the way Turkey's ruling party is invoking history.

The End of the Journey

Christine Chumbler — Wed, 30 Jan 2013 20:43:53 +0000

This policy brief explores the future of the EU in light of the eurocrisis, and the resulting implications for the transatlantic relationship.

It Must Adapt, Not Disintegrate

Sarah Halls — Mon, 28 Jan 2013 15:14:03 +0000

The price to pay for disintegration is higher than any conceivable gain. Disintegration is a lazy response to a nuanced current problem.

Senior French Business and Political Leaders Discuss Global Swing States Report

Sarah Halls — Wed, 16 Jan 2013 14:46:25 +0000

GMF Paris Office organized a breakfast-debate at the Hôtel Bristol in Paris, with a prestigious panel of international corporate representatives

GMF Paris and French Ministry of Foreign Affairs Expert Roundtable on Global Swing States

Sarah Halls — Wed, 16 Jan 2013 11:49:14 +0000

the Paris Office of the German Marshall Fund of the United States co-organized

Global Swing States and the Future of International Order

Sarah Halls — Tue, 15 Jan 2013 11:13:39 +0000

GMF’s Berlin office hosted Transatlantic Fellow Dr. Daniel Kliman who presented the Global Swing States report at the Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology, the Federal Foreign Office.

Turkish-U.S. Relations: The Way Forward

Christine Chumbler — Tue, 15 Jan 2013 11:00:14 +0000

This policy brief examines possible ways for Washington and Ankara to work together.

A Big Year for Transatlantic Ties?

Sarah Halls — Mon, 14 Jan 2013 15:16:54 +0000

The next twelve months could prove key for both security and economic ties between Europe and the United States.

GMF Brussels hosts Global Swing States report launch debate

Sarah Halls — Thu, 10 Jan 2013 13:48:32 +0000

Global Swing States discussion throws up interesting questions on how U.S. and Europe can interact with rising economies indicated in the report.

The Future of the Western Liberal Order: The Case of Italy

Christine Chumbler — Tue, 08 Jan 2013 16:07:21 +0000

This policy paper explores the political legacy of Silvio Berlusconi.

2012 Goes, Problems Remain!

Christine Chumbler — Mon, 07 Jan 2013 16:59:11 +0000

This policy brief assesses the current state of democracy in Turkey.

Crisis Talk: How the United States Discusses Europe’s Woes

Christine Chumbler — Fri, 04 Jan 2013 14:00:32 +0000

This policy brief analyzes the anatomy of the U.S. debate about the euro crisis.

Empowering Students is Key to Countering Youth Passivity

Sarah Halls — Fri, 21 Dec 2012 10:30:07 +0000

Jan Zlatan Kulenović of the Youth Information Agency in Bosnia and Herzegovina discusses the reasons behind youth passivity in the country and how he aims to tackle it.

Turkey’s Rise: a Private Sector View

GMF Editor — Mon, 17 Dec 2012 19:27:54 +0000

On December 17th, The German Marshall Fund of the United States hosted an evening conversation with M. Rifat Hisarcıklıoğlu, President of The Union of Chambers and Commodity Exchanges of Turkey (TOBB).

Southern Europe in Trouble: Domestic and Foreign Policy Challenges of the Financial Crisis

Christine Chumbler — Fri, 14 Dec 2012 16:14:36 +0000

This policy paper focuses on four financially volatile countries: Italy, Spain, Greece, and Portugal.

Livable Streets Where People Live: Policy Lessons on Broadening the Civic Role of Residential Streets from Munich, Rotterdam, Copenhagen, and Malmo

Christine Chumbler — Wed, 12 Dec 2012 16:02:45 +0000

This policy paper documents proven policies and practices from European cities that make local streets more “livable.”

Spain and the New Mediterranean: Overlapping Crises

Christine Chumbler — Mon, 10 Dec 2012 16:39:14 +0000

This policy brief describes Spain's relations with Arab Spring countries.

Palestine and the UN, from Challenge to Opportunity

Christine Chumbler — Mon, 10 Dec 2012 16:32:19 +0000

This policy brief outlines the current prospects for peace between Israelis and Palestinians.

Turkey and the EU: What Next?

Christine Chumbler — Wed, 05 Dec 2012 14:00:03 +0000

This policy brief outlines two relatively positive scenarios for Turkey-EU relations.

A New Chance for Ukraine?

Christine Chumbler — Mon, 03 Dec 2012 15:12:39 +0000

This policy brief argues that Ukraine's October parliamentary elections have created an opportunity for the country.

How the European Crisis Impacts China

Christine Chumbler — Fri, 30 Nov 2012 14:00:12 +0000

This policy brief argues that the European crisis has improved China’s position in the global arena.

The Fractured Ocean: Current Challenges to Maritime Policy in the Wider Atlantic

Christine Chumbler — Thu, 29 Nov 2012 21:57:37 +0000

This policy paper examines the challenges posed by human activity on the Atlantic Ocean itself.

Energy and the Atlantic: The Shifting Energy Landscape of the Atlantic Basin

Christine Chumbler — Thu, 29 Nov 2012 21:46:50 +0000

This policy paper argues that countries in the Southern Atlantic region are poised to become much more important players in the global energy trade.

China and India: New Actors in the Southern Atlantic

Christine Chumbler — Thu, 29 Nov 2012 21:38:19 +0000

This policy paper examines the role of China and India in Latin America and Africa, and the implications for the United States and Europe.

Demeš Elected to Board of Newly Created European Endowment for Democracy

Sarah Halls — Wed, 28 Nov 2012 14:43:54 +0000

Pavol Demeš, a senior transatlantic fellow at the German Marshall Fund of the United States (GMF), was appointed as a board member of the newly founded European Endowment for Democracy (EED).

Global Swing States and the Financial Order

Christine Chumbler — Tue, 27 Nov 2012 14:45:48 +0000

This policy paper looks at how Brazil, India, Indonesia, and Turkey view the global financial system.

Global Swing States and the Trade Order

Christine Chumbler — Tue, 27 Nov 2012 14:45:09 +0000

This policy paper looks at the influence of Brazil, India, Indonesia, and Turkey on international trade.

Study Tour Brings European Journalists to Ukraine for Elections

Ashley vonClausburg — Fri, 09 Nov 2012 15:53:53 +0000

The German Marshall Fund of United States (GMF), in partnership with Center for Independent Journalism from Romania, brought together a delegation of four European journalists to Ukraine from October 26 - 30, 2012, for a study tour focused on Ukraine’s current situation, its problems and progress, and the October 28 parliamentary elections.

Ian Lesser Discusses EU-U.S. View of Presidential Elections with Euronews

Sarah Halls — Fri, 09 Nov 2012 10:41:39 +0000

Ian Lesser, executive director of GMF's Brussels Office, spoke to Euronews about the U.S. Presidential elections and what Obama's win will mean for EU-U.S. ties.

Foreign Policy Debate missed out on European issues

commsintern2 — Mon, 05 Nov 2012 16:16:57 +0000

In this podcast, Communications Director William Bohlen speaks with Thomas Kleine-Brockhoff, Resident Fellow and Senior Director for Strategy at the German Marshall Fund of the United States about the U.S. presidential debate on foreign policy.

New Dangers to the Western Liberal Order

Christine Chumbler — Fri, 02 Nov 2012 13:57:47 +0000

This policy brief presents two views on a purported widening divide between Berlin and Washington, DC.

Turkey and the Balkans: New Policy in a Changing Regional Environment

Christine Chumbler — Wed, 31 Oct 2012 15:21:50 +0000

This policy brief examines Turkey's role in the Balkans region.

Gas Discoveries in the Eastern Mediterranean: Implications for the European Union

Christine Chumbler — Fri, 26 Oct 2012 20:18:51 +0000

This policy brief explains why the EU needs to be involved in Eastern Mediterranean natural gas issues.

Sonja Licht: Security Challenges in Balkans are more Economic than Ever Before

Sarah Halls — Thu, 25 Oct 2012 15:59:21 +0000

In this video, Sonja Licht, founder and president of the Belgrade Fund for Political Excellence (Serbia), discusses the security issues in the Balkans, civil society and investing in education.

Toward Strategic Cooperation between India, the United States, and Europe

Christine Chumbler — Wed, 24 Oct 2012 15:24:42 +0000

This policy brief recounts discussions from the September 2012 India Trilateral Forum.

Ukrainian Energy Security: Between Mortgage and Profit

Christine Chumbler — Thu, 18 Oct 2012 22:42:24 +0000

This policy brief examines Ukraine's major energy challenges and how they relate to the country's foreign policy.

Air Supremacy: The Surprisingly Important Dogfight over Climate Pollution from International Aviation

Christine Chumbler — Thu, 11 Oct 2012 09:00:28 +0000

This policy brief dispels the myths surrounding discussions on aircraft emissions between the U.S. and EU.

Ukraine Between Two Paths of Integration

Christine Chumbler — Wed, 10 Oct 2012 14:04:49 +0000

This policy brief discusses the choice Ukraine faces between an alignment with Russia or Europe.

Beyond the Euro Crisis: Implications for U.S. Strategy

Christine Chumbler — Thu, 04 Oct 2012 13:20:35 +0000

This policy brief identifies a range of plausible scenarios for the further unfolding of the euro crisis and considers their implications for U.S. strategy.

International Trends: Korea 2012

Christine Chumbler — Thu, 04 Oct 2012 08:00:14 +0000

This survey captures perceptions about how South Korea, Europe, and the United States are responding to global power shifts.

U.S., European Journalists Visit Georgia Prior to Election

Ashley vonClausburg — Wed, 03 Oct 2012 20:55:22 +0000

The German Marshall Fund of United States (GMF), in partnership with Center for Independent Journalism from Romania, organized a study tour to Georgia from September 28 – October 3.

Can the EU Bicycle Turn into a Jet Plane by 2020?

Christine Chumbler — Tue, 25 Sep 2012 08:00:39 +0000

This policy brief proposes two scenarios for the EU, based on the assumption that the eurozone will move towards closer economic and political integration.

Despite Crisis, Majority of Germans Remain Positive About Euro

Ashley vonClausburg — Tue, 18 Sep 2012 13:07:15 +0000

In this video, Transatlantic Academy Executive Director Stephen Szabo analyzes the results of the recent Transatlantic Trends Survey that show Germans remain positive about the euro and the EU, despite continuing economic struggles among members.

Three Troubling Scenarios for Turkey and Transatlantic Partners

Christine Chumbler — Fri, 14 Sep 2012 16:10:21 +0000

This policy brief outlines possible outcomes for the current situation in Syria and eastern Mediterranean.

Survey: Obama Still Popular in Europe, Romney Unknown to One-in-Three

GMF Editor — Wed, 12 Sep 2012 08:00:44 +0000

~ Transatlantic Trends: Merkel rated favorably for crisis leadership; Europeans like EU, not euro; Americans think Europe more important than Asia; Americans, Europeans want to avoid Syria~

Transatlantic Trends 2012

Christine Chumbler — Wed, 12 Sep 2012 08:00:30 +0000

The 2012 Transatlantic Trends paints a picture of a complex relationship between the United States and Europe, and how they respond to global challenges.

Turkey and the European Sclerosis

Christine Chumbler — Mon, 10 Sep 2012 06:00:45 +0000

This policy brief argues that the eurocrisis provides more justification for Turkey to join the EU.

Brazil-EU Relations: Beyond the Eurozone Crisis

Christine Chumbler — Tue, 04 Sep 2012 06:00:06 +0000

This policy brief looks at the economic and political ties between Brazil and Europe.

What do High-Growth Firms in the United States and Europe Teach Policymakers?

Christine Chumbler — Mon, 06 Aug 2012 19:36:01 +0000

This policy brief explains why economic policymakers should focus on high-growth small firms for job creation.

Eerie Silence about the Euro Zone Crisis

Christine Chumbler — Thu, 02 Aug 2012 22:07:08 +0000

This policy brief argues that at its peril, Turkey is ignoring the European Fall in favor of the Arab Spring.

Romney: America and Poland Face the Future “with Solidarity”

German Marshall Fund — Wed, 01 Aug 2012 01:10:10 +0000

Mitt Romney, the presumptive Republican nominee for U.S. president, said the values of peace and liberty have marked the strong relationship between the USA and Poland.

Diversity under Freedom: Reinhold Niebuhr and the Transatlantic Community

Christine Chumbler — Tue, 24 Jul 2012 15:45:59 +0000

This policy paper explores some of the writings of an influential U.S. clergyman and their relevance today.

Euro-Mediterranean Prospects and Risks

Christine Chumbler — Tue, 17 Jul 2012 15:29:58 +0000

This policy brief encourages Europe to invest in the countries of the Arab Spring.

America the Absent

German Marshall Fund — Mon, 09 Jul 2012 15:32:13 +0000

Instead of powering the world economy, emerging markets remain hostage to the transatlantic economic morass. The missing ingredient? U.S. leadership.

Kristen Silverberg: Despite U.S. Pivot to Asia, Transatlantic Relationship Remains Vital

Ashley vonClausburg — Thu, 21 Jun 2012 20:43:13 +0000

A conversation hosted by the GMF Warsaw Office on June 13, 2012, focused on the upcoming U.S. presidential elections and the sort of implications it could have for the European Union and Poland. Ambassador Kristen Silverberg, a GMF senior resident fellow and former ambassador to the European Union, took part in the discussion with Mr. Paweł Świeboda, president of demosEUROPA.

Multiculturalism, Islam and Political Minority Integration in Europe

Sarah Halls — Fri, 15 Jun 2012 15:22:26 +0000

GMF’s immigration program in cooperation with the Transatlantic Academy (TA) hosted an event discussing political participation of minorities and populism in Europe, given increased skepticism toward multiculturalism in many states

Europe On its Own

Christine Chumbler — Thu, 14 Jun 2012 18:29:39 +0000

This paper sketches out three ten-year scenarios for European strategic reactions to current events.

Stuck between the “Rest” and the “West:” Turkey at the Crossroads

Christine Chumbler — Thu, 14 Jun 2012 13:23:57 +0000

This policy brief examines Turkey's current geopolitical placement.

Spanish bailout, Greek elections make June a make-or-break month in debt crisis

William Bohlen — Tue, 12 Jun 2012 15:39:41 +0000

One day, when historians look back to June 2012, they will likely find it was a make-or-break month for Europe. The debt crisis, now in its third year, has produced a moment of extraordinary clarity for the 17 countries joined by the euro: Either move toward real fiscal union or break apart.

West “Should not be Prejudiced” Against Rise of Islamist Movements

Ashley vonClausburg — Mon, 04 Jun 2012 13:00:24 +0000

In this video from the sixth Turkey Trilateral Strategy Group, Ruprecht Polenz, Chairman of the Foreign Affairs Commission in the German Parliament, discusses the issues facing North Africa and the Middle East as the Arab Spring continues.

The U.S. Natural Gas Revolution: Will Europe Be Ready in Time?

Christine Chumbler — Tue, 29 May 2012 19:41:47 +0000

This paper analyzes the effects of an apparent glut of natural gas on European markets.

A Transatlantic Perspective on the Future of Libya

Christine Chumbler — Tue, 29 May 2012 12:58:42 +0000

This policy paper looks at energy supply, illegal migration, investment and trade, and security issues between Libya and Europe.

What Fate for Liberal Order in a Post-Western World?

wpengine — Sun, 27 May 2012 16:07:18 +0000

Over the next two decades, the relative power of major international actors will shift markedly. The NIC's draft Global Trends 2030: Alternative Worlds maps out three broad scenarios for how will the rise of the rest impact the international system.

Israel’s Economy and the Arab Spring: Isolation Serves as a Buffer

Christine Chumbler — Tue, 22 May 2012 15:53:02 +0000

This policy brief looks at how uprisings in Israel's neighbors have affected its economy.

Providing Traveler Information Services: What is the Appropriate Public Sector Role?

Christine Chumbler — Fri, 11 May 2012 16:34:47 +0000

This policy paper examines how European policymakers are adapting their traveler information systems, and how this could be applied in the San Francisco Bay Area.

When Sisyphus met Icarus: EU-China Economic Relations during the Eurozone Crisis

Christine Chumbler — Wed, 02 May 2012 13:52:01 +0000

This policy brief examines how China, the EU, and EU member states work with each other economically.

Europe’s Bleak Future

wpengine — Thu, 19 Apr 2012 00:10:00 +0000

The euro crisis will one day be a dim memory. The bigger challenge is avoidingthe kind of stagnant economy that now seems likely.

What the EU should do to end state terror in Belarus

GMF Editor — Thu, 22 Mar 2012 13:50:43 +0000

True to his image as Europe's last dictator, Belarus' Alexander Lukashenko has just added two more crimes to a long list of repressions against his own people.

Will Europe Lose its East?

wpengine — Tue, 20 Mar 2012 14:16:45 +0000

Largely unnoticed by European politics and publics, a new division looms in the East of the continent.

Raising Expectations

wpengine — Fri, 16 Mar 2012 15:36:22 +0000

Instead of resigning itself to sluggish economic growth, it’s time for Europe to face facts.

German Bundestag Member: Germany Made a Big Mistake in Libya

Ashley vonClausburg — Thu, 15 Mar 2012 13:41:55 +0000

In this podcast, GMF Senior Fellow Thomas Kleine-Brockhoff interviews German Bundestag Member Hans-Ulrich Klose about the future of Europe given the ongoing economic crisis.

When Russian Eurasianism Meets Turkey’s Eurasia

Christine Chumbler — Thu, 08 Mar 2012 15:29:29 +0000

This policy brief compares Russian and Turkish views of "Eurasia."

India and the European Union: Dim Prospects

Christine Chumbler — Thu, 08 Mar 2012 14:52:08 +0000

This policy brief looks at the future of India's relations with the EU.

The 5th Anniversary of the Young Transatlantic Network

GMF Editor — Thu, 08 Mar 2012 08:45:57 +0000

On Thursday, March 8, 2012, the German Marshall Fund of the United States (GMF) was proud to celebrate the fifth anniversary of the Young Transatlantic Network (YTN) with a reception in Brussels, in cooperation with the U.S. Mission to the EU.

Good News From Europe

wpengine — Wed, 07 Mar 2012 15:01:36 +0000

Despite the euro crisis, the Continent has avoided turning to extremist political parties.

Yanukovych’s Two Years in Power

Christine Chumbler — Fri, 02 Mar 2012 15:49:42 +0000

This policy brief assesses the current Ukrainian government's performance and chances for reform.

Is a Two-Speed Europe the Solution?

Christine Chumbler — Mon, 27 Feb 2012 19:35:46 +0000

This policy brief examines possible futures for the European Union.

Your Pain is Our Pain: The United States and the European Debt Crisis

Christine Chumbler — Thu, 23 Feb 2012 14:14:55 +0000

This policy brief discusses the effects of the European debt crisis on the transatlantic economy.

Uneasy Coexistence: Religion and Politics in Turkey

Christine Chumbler — Fri, 17 Feb 2012 15:51:00 +0000

This policy brief examines how the ruling AKP is using religion, or not, in matters of state.

Why the Euro Crisis Matters

wpengine — Fri, 03 Feb 2012 23:24:39 +0000

As Washington scrambles to cope with the economic fallout, it must reassess Europe's reliability as a strategic partner.

Ukraine and EU: Challenges that Loom Ahead

Christine Chumbler — Fri, 03 Feb 2012 18:37:18 +0000

This policy brief examines the outcomes of the 15th Ukraine-EU Summit, held in December 2011.

What Europeans Think About the Eurocrisis

Christine Chumbler — Wed, 01 Feb 2012 15:13:47 +0000

Bruce Stokes analyzes dozens of European surveys conducted over the past year on key issues relating to the euro crisis.

Waves, Ways and Historical Turns: Turkey’s Strategic Quest

Christine Chumbler — Wed, 01 Feb 2012 13:53:04 +0000

This brief looks at the recent evolution of Turkey's foreign policy.

The Limits of German Power

wpengine — Thu, 26 Jan 2012 08:34:53 +0000

On January 25th 2012, GMF's Warsaw Office hosted Thomas Kleine-Brockhoff and Hanns Maull to discuss their recent report, “The Limits of German Power”, which focuses on Germany's as a global player and particularly its changing role since 1989.