Who Cares?

Bogotá and Medellín, Colombia

The Action

Bogotá Abierta turns public input into a competition, with a reward system for the ideas that attract the most votes. Created by the city government to solicit input on its Development Plan, the online platform is an attempt to modernize and incentivize residents’ participation, to broaden input beyond the “usual suspects” and “squeaky wheels.” Questions posed to users run the gamut from broad visioning (“what change in Bogotá would improve your current living conditions?”) to specific technical problems (“how, with a cellular app, do we improve coexistence with animals and reduce homeless dogs and cats?”).

Democracy Challenge

In many places, public participation in government is broken. Its standard mechanisms, such as public meetings and written comment periods, tend to attract input from the same, nonrepresentative groups of people—including professional lobbyists, and residents with ample free time and a particular axe to grind. In Bogotá, this latter group of “usual suspects” is sometimes called participologists or “participa-crats.” Hearing this small sample of constituents may “tick the box” of consulting the public on policy. But in the long run, if this is the sole method of resident engagement, governments will be deprived of valuable insights, city employees, and decision makers who will learn to devalue public consultation, and the larger public will perceive that the government is not interested in their concerns and experiences. All of this serves to widen, rather than narrow, the trust gap between residents and their government.

Bogotá Abierta is a bet to take advantage of new technologies in order to open a new channel of dialogue and participation for citizens.

How It Works & How They Did It

Medellín blazed a trail with its MiMedellín cocreation website, now defunct, which launched in late 2013. Although initial attempts by Bogotá to replicate that success fizzled, a space was created to experiment with modernizing public participation. Bogotá Abierta launched in 2016 and its first task was to capture resident contributions to the city’s Development Plan—validating draft proposals and/or improving the plan as a whole. The website initially posed 18 broad “challenges” related to the parameters and actions of the plan, with very general questions. More specific questions on neighborhood improvements, access for residents with disabilities, and so forth soon followed. “Bogotá Abierta is a bet to take advantage of new technologies in order to open a new channel of dialogue and participation for citizens,” said Germán Sarmiento, an advisor to the project. 

What sets the site apart is its system of positive incentives, designed to attract and retain users who might never join their community association or return a survey. Registered users respond to each challenge in a public message thread, and users can earn badges by posting messages and receiving “likes” on their posts. For some challenges, users who offer the most popular solutions are given concrete rewards. Often, these awards are associated with the specific topic or issue area to entice residents who are passionate and knowledgeable about that topic. For example, one challenge addressed coexistence and security around a major soccer festival. The authors of the leading ideas could receive tickets to Bogotá’s main soccer stadium (Estadio Nemesio Camacho El Campin) and a range of official merchandise from the national team, such as team kits and balls signed by the players. 

The platform is a project of the Institute for Participation and Community Action (IDPAC), an organ of Bogotá city government tasked with guaranteeing citizen participation and strengthening social organizations. According to city officials, the site’s purpose of broadening and modernizing participation in government is rooted in a larger mission of rebuilding social networks and a sense of citizenship, coexistence, and ownership among city residents in the aftermath of a long civil war.   

How’s It Going?

During the site’s first two months, all “challenges” were related to the Development Plan, yielding a total of 2,300 contributions in which 50,000 Bogotá residents participated and approximately 8,000 registered users. Broad questions about improving livability and planning for the future still rank among the site’s most popular, with a transit related challenge taking the top spot.

The site still issues broad challenges related to residents’ vision of and experiences in the city (for example: “how do you think art, heritage, recreation, and sports can help achieve the dream of Bogotá?” “What is your least favorite place in Bogotá and why?”). But city officials also view the platform as a practical tool for becoming more consistently and systematically informed regarding public opinion and to achieve some administrative efficiencies. Along these lines, Bogotá Abierta is being used as a public sounding board to:

• Solicit guidance on specific events or projects, such as Car Free Day and a redesign of the city’s main website;
• Solicit fresh ideas on tackling wicked problems, such as women’s safety;
• Bring in communication products. Challenges have included rebranding the District System of Complaints and Solutions (SDQS), suggestions for public service announcements and regular photo contests. During Bicycle Week, 30 photo contest winners had their photos displayed in large format as part of a special street gallery, and they were entered into a drawing for a folding bike; and
• Issue calls for proposals. A recent challenge asked social organizations and citizens’ groups to post innovative proposals for the promotion and defense of human rights, with a small grant available to the winning proposal as selected by a technical panel (proposals had to receive at least 20 votes on Bogotá Abierta to be considered by the panel).

In each of these areas, the online platform is intended to supplement, not replace, traditional outreach and consultation processes.

Considerations

• Closing the feedback loop. “A platform like this one will strengthen and consolidate, provided that it works to respond to the ideas that citizens submit,” said German Sarmiento. “The citizens aspire to see results from their ideas, and the government has an enormous challenge to turn the platform into a central tool for decision making about projects, ideas, or design of policies for the city. The challenge is to see the better ideas materialized and implemented by the administration of the city.”  
• The digital divide and diversifying public input. Online tools can seem like an obvious “innovation” over in-person public meetings. However, if these tools are not designed and implemented carefully, they can reflect (or even amplify) the digital divide and provide a platform that is primarily for highly privileged residents. Designers should consider integrating web-based platforms with SMS, Interactive Voice Response, and other technologies that are more widely (but by no means universally) available to residents, and combining digital communication strategies with use of print, radio, among others. 
• Manipulation and the new “usual suspects.” Some users will inevitably attempt to dominate an online community or game its rules, particularly if there are material rewards at stake. The greater the reward, the greater the incentive to boost one’s performance artificially, and technology provides increasingly sophisticated means to do this, such as automated bots. Bogotá Abierta attempts to create a level playing field by limiting how often each user can log in, post, and leave comments and "likes." The administrators also set rules for each challenge. A 2017 photo contest, for example, allowed a maximum of three submissions per participant and stated that only the submission with the most votes from any one user would be eligible for inclusion in the final exhibition.
• Verifying residency. Like most online communities, Bogotá Abierta has a very low barrier to entry—prospective users only need to provide a name, email address, and password. This encourages user adoption and engagement, but it also allows participation from nonresidents, potentially undermining the platform’s credibility among both users and policymakers. 
• Inclusion. Any new process or mechanism that incorporates web or mobile-based communication technology must correct for how those technologies can replicate and exacerbate social divisions. This includes (but is not limited to) exclusions along gender, ethnic, and linguistic lines as well as the exclusion of persons with disabilities. 

Point of Contact

Germán Sarmiento
Advisor
Bogotá Abierta Platform Institute for Participatory Action (IDPAC)

Who Else Is Trying This?

• Boston, Massachusetts, US: The Engagement Lab, an applied research department at Emerson College, has been developing new ways to incorporate technology in civic participation since 2011. Its Community PlanIt [CPI] initiative has players racing to complete missions and earn influence in the form of in-game coins, which can be spent on local initiatives. In 2016, CPI was the central model for Climate Smart Boston, a competition to generate citizen-sponsored policies to respond to the local effects of global climate change. CPI’s model has also been used for events in Detroit and Philadelphia. Read More 
• Helsinki, Finland: Helsinki has incorporated gamification into local governance, with a twist. Before engaging members of the public directly, City Hall employees play the “Participation Game.” They find an issue that needs better public input, engage in dialogue to pinpoint how public participation should be used, and design a participation strategy, drawing upon proven participation tools and/or developing new methods. Familiar game elements like playing cards and a physical board help ease tension and facilitate the process. In 2017, over 2,000 civil servants in the Finnish capital played over 200 rounds of the Participation Game. Read More
• Rosario, Argentina: Rosario has worked to make Rosario Hábitat (RH, a city-wide initiative that improves infrastructure, establishes social services, and runs work programs), more accommodating to citizen input and needs. For instance, one plan to widen and brighten streets and alleyways faced suspicion and resentment from residents, as it would require seizing property and displacing some residents. In its participatory mechanisms, RH incorporated lessons from game design: participants were tasked with allocating new city blocks and they needed to operate under set constraints, like lot size and number of inhabitants; exercise creativity by coming up with new constraints; and collaborate to reach mutually agreeable outcomes. Read More 

This action was originally developed for Big Bold Cities, an initiative of Living Cities and the National Democratic Institute (NDI); republished here with the permission of Living Cities.